![]() ![]() The prevalence of PTSD is as high as 12.5% in primary care patients and 25% in soldiers ( Spottswood et al., 2017). However, excessive fear could lead to fear-related disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) ( Izquierdo et al., 2016). These findings remind us the orexin system can be a potential treatment target for fear-related disorders, and the mechanisms of recent and remote fear extinction may be different.įear memory could help us to adapt for survival, since it guides individuals to avoid dangerous situations. The results suggest that orexin A could influence the retention of recent fear memory extinction, without affecting remote fear extinction. Moreover, individuals with high orexin A levels still kept low fear responses after extinction in recent group by subgroup analyses. In particular, the correlational analysis indicated that orexin A levels before extinction were negatively associated with fear responses during test only in recent group, but not in remote group. The results showed that both recent and remote groups successfully acquired fear conditioning and had spontaneous recovery at test. Both groups received memory test 24 h after fear extinction. ![]() Meanwhile, plasma orexin A levels before extinction were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. After acquiring Pavlovian fear conditioning, individuals in recent group experienced fear extinction 24 h after acquisition, and remote group underwent extinction 2 weeks later. To investigate the effect of orexin A on extinction memory in humans, we recruited 43 male subjects and divided them into a recent group and remote group. However, the relationship between orexin A and extinction memory remains unclear. Recently the role of the orexin system in the learning and memory, especially orexin A, which could enhance fear memory through regulating the activity of amygdala, has drawn considerable attention. 4Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China.3Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.2National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing, China.1Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.Khan 1,2, Jiajia Liu 1,2, Jianyu Que 3, Yanping Bao 2, Lin Lu 2,3,4 * and Jie Shi 2 * Le Shi 1,2 †, Wenhao Chen 3 †, Jiahui Deng 3, Sijing Chen 3, Ying Han 2, Muhammad Z. ![]()
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